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Head and neck cancer refers to a group of cancers that develop in or around the mouth, throat, larynx, nose, sinuses, and salivary glands. The majority of these cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, originating in the thin, flat cells lining these regions. Major risk factors include tobacco use (cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco), excessive alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly for oropharyngeal cancers. Other contributing factors can include poor oral hygiene, chronic irritation, and exposure to certain chemicals.

Symptoms of head and neck cancer vary depending on the tumor location but commonly include persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, a lump or swelling in the neck, unexplained weight loss, ear pain, or non-healing mouth sores. Early detection is crucial as symptoms often appear only after the disease has advanced.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as CT, MRI, or PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm cancer type. Treatment strategies depend on the stage, location, and overall health of the patient. Surgery is often used to remove the tumor, sometimes followed by radiation therapy to target remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used for more advanced or metastatic cases. Additionally, targeted therapies and immunotherapy are emerging options for specific cancer types. Multidisciplinary care involving oncologists, surgeons, radiologists, and speech or nutrition specialists is critical to improving survival outcomes and maintaining quality of life.